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: Based on a utilitarian or scientific approach , welfare focuses on the quality of life for animals under human care. It accepts that humans may use animals for food, research, and companionship, provided they are treated humanely and "unnecessary" suffering is minimized.

Animal welfare and rights represent two distinct but overlapping frameworks for how humans should treat non-human animals. While animal welfare focuses on the physical and mental well-being of animals under human care, animal rights advocates for the inherent legal and moral status of animals, often arguing against their use by humans entirely. Understanding the history, legal structures, and ethical debates surrounding these concepts is essential for navigating modern discussions on factory farming, laboratory testing, and wildlife conservation. The Evolution of Animal Ethics : Based on a utilitarian or scientific approach

| Country | Law / Provision | Significance | |---------|----------------|---------------| | (2002) | Basic Law Article 20a | "Animals" added to constitutional protection (alongside environment). | | Switzerland (1992/2008) | Animal protection laws | Lawyer required for animal abuse cases; social animals must have companions; must be able to see daylight. | | France (2015, 2021) | Civil Code amendments | Animals declared "living beings gifted with sentience" (不再 strictly property). | | UK (2006, 2021) | Animal Welfare Act, Animal Sentience Act | Duty of care; formally recognizes sentience. | | India (1960, 2013) | Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act; 2013 dolphin ban | Bans dolphin captivity as "non-human persons." | | Spain (2022) | Civil Code reform | Animals recognized as sentient beings, not objects. | | New Zealand (1999, 2015) | Animal Welfare Act | Great apes used in research prohibited; animal sentience recognized. | While animal welfare focuses on the physical and

: The story of formal legislation began with the Animal Protection Act (Martin's Act) in the UK, which outlawed cruelty to cattle, horses, and sheep [8, 12, 16]. | | Switzerland (1992/2008) | Animal protection laws

: There are numerous farms around the world that focus on sustainable practices, animal welfare, and contribute to local food systems.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the narrative shifted toward a philosophical debate centered on an animal's capacity to suffer [21]. Jeremy Bentham